D

   I was puzzled! Why was this old woman making such a complaint about our way to deal with an old bush which was of no use to anybody? She had written letters to the local paper, even to a national to protest about our projected by-pass to her village, and, looking at a map, the route was nowhere near where she lived and it wasn’t as if the area was attractive. I was more than puzzled, I was intrigued. I wanted to know what it was that motivated her. So it was that I found myself knocking on a cottage door, being received by Mary Smith and then being taken for a walk to the woods.

   “I’ve always loved this place”, she said, “it has a lot of memories for me, and for others. We all used it. They called it ‘Lovers lane’. It’s not much of a lane, and it doesn’t go anywhere important, but that’s why we all came here. To be away from people, to be by ourselves.” She added.

   It was indeed pleasant that day and the songs of many birds could be heard. Squirrels gazed from the branches, quite bold in their movements, obviously few people passed this way and they had nothing to fear. I could imagine the noise of vehicles passing through these peaceful woods when the by-pass was built, so I felt that she probably had something there but as I hold strong opinions about the needs of the community over-riding the opinions of private individuals, I said nothing. The village was quite a distant and dangerous place because of the traffic especially for old people and children, their safety was more important to me than an old woman’s whims (怪念頭).

   “Take this tree”, she said pausing after a short while. “To you it is just that, a tree. Not unlike many others here”. She gently touched the bark. “Look here, under this branch, what can you see?”

   “It looks as if someone has done a bit of carving with a knife” I said after a cursory (草率的) inspection.

   “Yes, that’s what it is!” she said softly. “There are letters and a lover’s heart”.

I looked again, this time more carefully. The heart was still there and there was an arrow through it. The letters on one side were indistinct, but on the other an ‘R’ was clearly visible with what looked like an ‘I’ after it. “Some budding romance?” I asked, “Did you know who they were?”

   “Oh yes, I knew them”, said Mary Smith, “it says RH loves MS”.

   After a pause, she went on … “He had a penknife and I helped him to carve my initials. We were very much in love, but he was going away, and could not tell me what he was involved in the army. I had guessed of course. It was the last evening we ever spent together, because he went away the next day, back to his Unit.”

   Mary Smith was quiet for a while, then she sobbed, “His mother showed me the telegram. ksyfn.com ‘Sergeant R Holmes ... Killed in action in the invasion of France.’”

   I realized that I could be getting out of my depth, and longed to be in my office, away from here and this old lady, snug, and with a cup of tea in my hand.

   There was a further pause. Mary Smith gently touched the wounded tree, just as she would have caressed him. “And now they want to take our tree away from me.” Another quiet sob, then she turned to me. “I was young and pretty then, I could have had anybody, I wasn’t always the old woman you see here now. I could have had everything I wanted in life, a lovely man, health and a future to look forwards to”.

   She paused again and looked around. The breeze gently moved through the leaves with a sighing sound. “There were others, of course, but not a patch on my Robin!” she said strongly. “And now I have nothing except the memories this tree holds. If only I could get my hands on that awful man who writes in the paper about the value of the road they are going to build where we are standing now, I would tell him. Has he never loved, has he never lived, does he not know anything about memories? We were not the only ones, you know, I still meet some who came here as Robin and I did. Yes, I would tell him!”

   I turned away, sick at heart.

68. Why was the by-pass to Mary Smith’s village to be built through these woods?

A. The community wanted to explore the beauty of the woods as a way of tourism.

B. Many people passed these woods causing heavy traffic jam.

C. The traffic was inconvenient making the village a dangerous place to live in.

D. The village was quite far away and its economy needed improving.

69. The underlined sentence “I felt that she probably had something there” means ________.

A. I thought there might be something hidden in the woods by Mary Smith

B. I guessed there might be a story related with Mary Smith

C. I thought there might be some reason for Mary Smith’s protest

D. I guessed there might be a secret purpose of Mary Smith.

70. The main purpose of this passage is to ________.

A. draw attention to the damage that wars cause 

B. persuade people to give up private interest

C. arouse the awareness of being environmentally friendly

D. introduce a touching but sad love story

 

第Ⅱ卷 (兩部分 共35分)

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Observational Learning: To See Is to Know

A group of psychologists, led by Albert Bandura, developed social learning theory, which emphasizes the fact that much learning occurs in a social context. This kind of learning, which results simply from observing and imitating the behavior of others, is called observational learning. Observational learning helps people acquire proper behavior in their families and cultures. By watching others, we learn how to greet people, eat, laugh and tell jokes. Do you still remember your first few days in senior grade one? By watching others, you learned how people talked to each other, what clothes were “fashionable,” and how to interact with instructors.

With modeling, you observe others’ behavior, and then none, some, or all of the behavior may be learned and repeated, or modified. In one of Bandura’s classic studies, children were divided into three groups: One group watched an adult beating up a Bobo doll, one group watched an adult ignoring the Bobo doll, and the third didn’t see an adult at all. After being mildly frustrated by being placed in a room with toys, but not being allowed to play with some of them, all of the children were then placed in another room with a variety of toys, including a Bobo doll. Children in the first group tended to imitate what they had seen, mistreating the doll (and inventing new ways to abuse it).

Researchers have discovered that several characteristics of models can make learning through observation more effective. Not surprisingly, the more you pay attention to the model, the more you learn. You are more likely to pay attention if the model is an expert, is good looking, has high status, or is socially powerful. Second, by watching others, we learn about what behavior is appropriate for people （ksyfn.com） like ourselves, so models who are seen as similar are more readily imitated. All students need to see successful, capable models who look and sound like them.

Then, as teachers, how can you apply observational learning? Here are a few guidelines. Above all, model the behavior and attitudes you desire your students to learn. For example, show enthusiasm for the subject you teach. Be willing to demonstrate both the mental and the physical tasks you expect the students to perform. Second, use peers, especially class leaders, as models. For example, in group work, pair students who do well with those who are having difficulties. Third, you may seek the help of class leaders in modeling behavior. Examples include letting high-status students lead an activity when you need class cooperation or when students are likely to be reluctant at first. 

                 Observational Learning: To See Is to Know

(71)__________ and  application of observational learning Observational learning is learning that occurs through (72) ________

and imitation of others.

Observational learning helps people learn how to behave (73) _______

in their families and cultures.

Models and their (74)_________ Models are the people who present behavior for you to imitate.

Bandura’s study shows that if children observe an adult beating up a doll, they will become (75) __________.

Characteristics of models that make observational learning more effective. Children are more (76) __________ to imitate models who are experts, good looking, powerful and have high status. 

Models (77) _________ to ourselves promote observational learning.

How to use observational learning in 

(78)___________ Modeling the (79) ________ behaviors and attitudes is an important approach.

Using peers, especially class leaders, as models is another method.

(80) _________ the help of class leaders in modeling behavior is also a good choice.